{"id":33940,"date":"2021-05-12T11:58:07","date_gmt":"2021-05-12T11:58:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/?p=33940"},"modified":"2021-06-02T09:47:20","modified_gmt":"2021-06-02T09:47:20","slug":"advanced-wing-loading-concepts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/advanced-wing-loading-concepts\/","title":{"rendered":"Advanced Wing Loading Concepts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">As a follow-up to John LeBlanc\u2019s previous article, <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/5-wing-loading-misconceptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u20185 Wing Loading Misconceptions\u2019<\/a>, he explains some more advanced concepts about wing loading\u2026&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Valkyrie-over-Dubai-PC-Javier-Buzz-Ortiz-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33961\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Valkyrie-over-Dubai-PC-Javier-Buzz-Ortiz-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Valkyrie-over-Dubai-PC-Javier-Buzz-Ortiz-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Valkyrie-over-Dubai-PC-Javier-Buzz-Ortiz-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Valkyrie-over-Dubai-PC-Javier-Buzz-Ortiz-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Valkyrie-over-Dubai-PC-Javier-Buzz-Ortiz.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Javier Buzz Ortiz playing with his PD Valkyrie over Skydive Dubai <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quiz <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Test your beliefs about canopy wing loading. Which of these general statements are true and which are false?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">True or False?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Two jumpers with widely different exit weights will get the same performance if they have the same model of canopy, sized for the same wing loading.&nbsp;True\/False?<\/li><li>It\u2019s possible for two jumpers with widely different exit weights to get the same performance, but the lighter jumper must load their canopy a little more heavily.&nbsp;True\/False?<\/li><li>It\u2019s possible for two jumpers with widely different exit weights to get the same performance, but the lighter jumper must load their canopy a little more lightly.&nbsp;True\/False?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regarding two jumpers flying a Sabre 135 and 230, with the same wing loading of 1.0 lbs\/sqft, which of the following statements are true and which are false?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The jumpers will have the same glide angle and speed.&nbsp; True\/False?<\/li><li>The canopies will have similar handling and responsiveness in turns.&nbsp; True\/False?<\/li><li>The canopies will have similar stall characteristics.&nbsp; True\/False?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Answers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The above statements are all false. Let me explain why\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3-1024x576.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34014\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3-400x225.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3-860x484.jpeg 860w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-Sabre3.jpeg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>These are all Sabre3s but the different sizes do not fly the same at equivalent wing loadings<br>Photo: Byrd&#8217;s Eye Studio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Do equal wing loadings on a given design give the same performance? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Though many canopy models may come in several different sizes that are usually scaled geometrically from one to another, they don\u2019t fly the same at equivalent wing loadings. Why? Because the physical and aerodynamic laws that the parachute must obey don\u2019t scale up and down with the parachute.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most jumpers do not normally consider the above point. They assume that a change in performance when downsizing is due purely to a change in wing loading. Since they normally don\u2019t change their exit weight very much when jumping a particular canopy, they don\u2019t ever load that canopy at wing loadings similar to what they would if they downsized.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the change in handling from one size to another is due to much more than a change in wing loading. This can be proven by jumping a small canopy at your normal exit weight, and then jumping a much larger, scaled canopy, with enough extra ballast so that the wing loading is the same. The difference is dramatic. The larger canopy certainly goes faster when carrying the additional weight, about the same speed as the smaller canopy flown at the same wing loading. However the handling still feels very similar to when it was lightly loaded.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Some reasons for differences in performance between large and small canopies <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33953\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared-860x484.jpg 860w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopy-side-view-PC-DSquared.jpg 1720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>The smaller version of a canopy will feel much more agile, even at the same wing loading&nbsp;<br>Photo by DSquared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Turns <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general, the smaller the canopy, the shorter the lines. It\u2019s true that two proportionally scaled canopies may have similar full glide speed at the same wing loadings, but they turn very differently. The big canopy, with its long lines, has a relatively sluggish reaction to the controls, and the small canopy has a relatively quick reaction to the controls. This is due to the fact that the large canopy must move the jumper a much greater distance out to the side, in order to achieve a certain bank angle needed for any given turn rate. This means that the smaller version of a canopy will feel much more agile, even if flown at the same wing loading.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2-stage-Beau-Riebe-flare-skydive-Pretoria-by-Chris-sears-FI-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27873\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2-stage-Beau-Riebe-flare-skydive-Pretoria-by-Chris-sears-FI-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2-stage-Beau-Riebe-flare-skydive-Pretoria-by-Chris-sears-FI-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2-stage-Beau-Riebe-flare-skydive-Pretoria-by-Chris-sears-FI-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2-stage-Beau-Riebe-flare-skydive-Pretoria-by-Chris-sears-FI-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2-stage-Beau-Riebe-flare-skydive-Pretoria-by-Chris-sears-FI.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>The  flare must be more aggressive on the larger canopy, compared to the smaller canopy, even at the same wing loading<br>Photo: Beau Riebe by Chris Sears <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flaring <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A dynamic flare is one that results in a change in flight direction from a descending path to one parallel with the ground. This requires a change in the angle of the canopy, when viewed from the side. (Initially, the amount of the angle change is about equal to the angular change of the flight path.) This angle change is accomplished using a toggle movement that causes the jumper to move out in front of his natural hanging place under the canopy. The long lines of a big canopy require the jumper to be moved a greater distance out in front to achieve the same angle. Shorter lines mean that the jumper doesn\u2019t need to move as great a distance forward to achieve the same angle. This means the toggle movement must be more aggressive on the larger canopy, compared to the smaller canopy, even at the same wing loading.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"484\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/sabre-3-FI-dive-2-PD.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/sabre-3-FI-dive-2-PD.jpg 860w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/sabre-3-FI-dive-2-PD-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/sabre-3-FI-dive-2-PD-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/sabre-3-FI-dive-2-PD-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><figcaption>A smaller canopy will dive more in hard turns<br>Photo: Sabre3, courtesy of Performance Designs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For similar reasons to those above, the smaller canopy will also dive more in hard turns, when compared to a larger scaled canopy, even when flown at the same wing loading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Applications of these ideas in today\u2019s environment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lighter jumpers face a greater challenge than heavier jumpers do when jumping typical first-jump student gear, due to very slow flight and sluggish controls<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lighter students usually start at lighter wing loadings and very slow flight speed, compared to larger students, because they often use the same canopy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The instructors are less likely to give a lighter student the attention to canopy control they deserve. It\u2019s easier for an instructor to notice a slight problem with the larger student\u2019s performance, and they are more likely to correct it. The instructor is likely to be less concerned about the lighter student, because the canopy is so slow that the landing is likely to be soft, even with poor technique, and the possibility of injury is remote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-student-canopy-navigator-nav-1-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34016\" width=\"877\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-student-canopy-navigator-nav-1-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-student-canopy-navigator-nav-1-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-student-canopy-navigator-nav-1-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-student-canopy-navigator-nav-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 791px) 100vw, 791px\" \/><figcaption> A light student will have a slower flight speed and more sluggish controls than heavier students on the same canopy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lighter student graduates face considerably different challenges when they start downsizing <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lighter students are normally encouraged to be more aggressive when downsizing, making much larger changes in wing loading than their heavier counterparts. Though the resulting speed may be similar or even less than that of a heavier novice, they\u2019ve experienced a much bigger change in speed compared to what they started with.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to the fact that the smaller jumper will likely be transitioning to a smaller canopy than the larger jumper will, they\u2019ll get quicker responsiveness from that canopy. Again, this is true even though their wing loading is probably lower.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a bigger difference between what a lighter jumper is told and what they are experiencing. Though the lighter novice may be jumping a fairly small canopy with fairly responsive controls, they may be incorrectly told that they are still being very conservative, because their wing loading is low compared to a heavier novice jumper. The heavier jumper, on the larger but more heavily loaded canopy, will still have more sluggish response from the canopy, which dampens the effect of his incorrect control inputs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/light-jumper-by-Raymond-Adams-PD-827x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34015\" width=\"873\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/light-jumper-by-Raymond-Adams-PD-827x1024.jpg 827w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/light-jumper-by-Raymond-Adams-PD-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/light-jumper-by-Raymond-Adams-PD-768x951.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/light-jumper-by-Raymond-Adams-PD.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><figcaption>Female jumpers are generally lighter than males, so will get more response at a lighter wing loading<br>Photo: Raymond Adams<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">We have been erroneously attributing the lighter jumper\u2019s general preference for lower wing loading to the wrong reasons <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Looking at the entire skydiving population, females are generally lighter, on the average, than the males. The fact that female jumpers generally settle on a lower wing loading is usually attributed to the fact that society considers them to be somewhat conservative and less aggressive, whether this is justified or not.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I believe that experienced jumpers, whether light or heavy, are probably looking for a certain degree of responsiveness from their canopy. The lighter jumpers will get that responsiveness at a lighter wing loading. The heavier jumpers will get that responsiveness at a heavier wing loading. This is the main reason for canopy wing loading differences.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">We have been attributing the lighter jumper\u2019s preference to more conservative models of canopies to the wrong reasons.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The typical experienced jumper\u2019s choice in a style or model of canopy may also be examined in the same way. A smaller jumper gets plenty of responsiveness from their smaller canopy. Therefore, it is likely that they will be less attracted to the quick responses of a highly elliptical canopy, and instead will prefer a more conservative model of canopy. This will allow them to go quite small on the canopy to get the speed they may want, but without getting handling that is too \u201ctwitchy\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopies-PC-Javier-Ortiz-820x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34006\" width=\"872\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopies-PC-Javier-Ortiz-820x1024.jpg 820w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopies-PC-Javier-Ortiz-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopies-PC-Javier-Ortiz-768x959.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PD-canopies-PC-Javier-Ortiz.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><figcaption>At equal wing loadings, the smaller jumper has a much more responsive canopy than the heavier jumper has ever had to deal with<br>Image: Javier &#8216;Buzz&#8217; Ortiz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Highly experienced lighter jumpers should be very careful in the logic they use to justify their downsizing process. <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until very recently, very small canopies were not available to the smaller jumpers who wanted to experiment with very high wing loadings. Now that they are becoming more common, lighter jumpers are often encouraged to downsize to similar wing loadings as their heavier counterparts. They are often pressured to downsize against their own judgment&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We need to consider the fact that at equal wing loadings, the smaller jumper has a much more responsive canopy than the heavier jumper has ever had to deal with. This responsiveness of the small canopy tends to magnify small errors in technique. A larger jumper, at a similar wing loading, is flying a larger canopy, which will tend to minimize the effect of small errors in technique.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We must be very careful when discussing canopies with those who are downsizing. Do not recommend specific canopies to individuals without spending some time to learn about the jumper\u2019s particular frame of reference. Assist others in making small changes in canopy size from what they are used to, and only if they\u2019re ready to deal with the higher speeds and more agile handling. Have fun, but be careful!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" src=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Beau-Riebe-over-PD-canopies-1024x687.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Beau-Riebe-over-PD-canopies-1024x687.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Beau-Riebe-over-PD-canopies-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Beau-Riebe-over-PD-canopies-768x515.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Beau-Riebe-over-PD-canopies-1536x1031.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Beau-Riebe-over-PD-canopies.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Be careful when discussing canopies with others \u2013 ideally, recommend they get advice from experts<br>Photo: Beau Riebe on the PD Demo Tour<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong><em>Article adapted from John Le Blanc&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.performancedesigns.com\/docs\/wingload.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">seminar notes<\/a> on the PD Blog \u2013\u00a0he first gave this seminar 20 years ago, but the laws of physics do not change with time!<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li><em><strong>Make sure you read the first article on the subject, <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.skydivemag.com\/new\/5-wing-loading-misconceptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5 Wing Loading Misconceptions<\/a>!<\/strong><\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"sfsi_plus_widget sfsi_plus_shortcode_container\"><div 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